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1. ???? ???????

?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????.. ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? (1917) ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????: ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????: ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????.

???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????.

?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1978 ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????.

???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? Mao Zedong (1893-1976?) ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? 1958? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? (???) ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????.

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ??????.

???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997?)? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? Xi Jinping? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????.

????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????: ???. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? – ?? ????? ??????? ?????? – ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????.