???? 20 ???? 2019 / ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? 2018 ??? 14 ???? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????.

??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? 2018

???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????

???? 2019

?????

?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? 2018 ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? 190 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? 2018? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? "????? ?? ???? ???????"? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.

-- ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? 57103 ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? 2018? ?? ??? 14717 ????? ? 28172 ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? 3502. ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? 2.5 ???.

-- ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? 2018 ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. "???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????" ? "??? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????".

-- ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? (?????)? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????.

-- ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 2018 ?? ????? 5.2 ????? ????? ??????? ?????? 35 ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 2014? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????.

-- ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? 38.6 ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???25 ???? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? 18.5 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????.

-- ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? 2018 ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? 17 ?????? ????? 7175 ???? ?? 2017. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? 60 ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????.

-- ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? 10 ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? 2.5 ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 6.5 ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? 1.3 ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? 3.5 ??? ?? ?????.

-- ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? 163 ???? ?? 94 ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? 113 ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.

-- ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ?? 81 ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? 27 ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????.

-- ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? "??? ??????? ??????" ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? 2018? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 2000 ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????.

--?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ????? (?? ???????) ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????.

1- ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????

???? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????.

????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? 2017 ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? 2018? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? 1247321 ????? ???? ????? 17284 ???? ??? ? 135755 ????? ?????? ? 810825 ?????? ?????? ???? ?? 319356 ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? 72.6 ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? 40.6 ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?26.3 ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? 4 ? 5 ????? ??????? ???? 74 ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? 12 ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? (??? ????? ??????? 9 ????? 2018).

??????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? 57103 ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? 14717 ???? ?????? 28172 ?????? ???? ??? ??????? 3502 ?? ???????? (www.gunviolencearchive.org? ?????? ????? ??? 24 ?????? 2019). ??? 18 ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? "????? ??" ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? (17 ????) ???? 10 ????? ?????? ???? ?? 10 ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? (www.washingtonpost.com, May 19, 2018). ??? ??? 8 ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? 12 ???? ????? ?????? (www.nbcnews.com, November 9, 2018). ????? (???????? ????) ?? 6 ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? 2.5 ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? 4.14 ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 2000 ???? 2016.

???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? (????? 19) ??????? ??? ???????? ?? 2 ???? ??? 2018? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? "?????? ?????" ???? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (????? 19)? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? (www.article19.org, May 2, 2018). ????? ???? (???????) ???? ?? 16 ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????. ?? 7 ?????? 2018? ????? ???? ????? ????? (??.??.??) ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? (uk.reuters.com, November 19, 2018). ??? 19 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? (?? ???????? ????????? ?????) ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? 34 ??? ?? ??? 2017? ???? 9 ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? 15 ?????? ???? ???? 44 ????? ?????? ?????.

????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? (?????????) ?? 22 ?????? ??? 2018? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? 2018? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? "???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????"? ????? ?? "??? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????".

???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????. (www.aclu.org, August 22, 2018).

????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????. ?? 28 ????? ??? 2018 ???? (?????? ???????) ?? 575 ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? 4 ??? 6 ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? 212 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? 300 ???? ?? 4 ?????? (chicagotribune.com, June 28, 2018, thehill.com. September 6, 2018; edition.cnn.com. October 5, 2018). ?????? ?????? ?? 11 ?????? ?? 32 ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????.

????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? 2018? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? (?? ????????) ?? 6 ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? 23 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? 1995 (newyorker.com, February 6, 2018).

????? ????? (?????? ????) ?? 19 ?????? 2018 ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? 27 ????.

???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? 11 ????? ? 8 ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? (www.justice.gov). ??? 18 ?????? 2018 ???? (?? ??????? ???? ????) ???? ?? (??????? ???)? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????.

2- ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????

????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? 2018 ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? "????? ??????" ???????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????.

???????? ??????? ?????? "?????? ????" ?? ???????. ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? 2018 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? 5.2 ????? ????? ??????? ?????? 35 ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 2014 ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? (???? ??? ???????? ????????) ??? 8 ?????? 2018 (www.opensecrets.org, November. 8, 2018). ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? 69.1 ????? ????? (www.usatoday.com, November 16, 2018).

?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? "????? ??????" ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? (??.??.??) ??? 21 ????? 2018? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? 2018? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 98 ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ?? 40 ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????????. ????? ????? 26% ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? "????? ??????" ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? 2014 (www.usatoday.com, July. 12 and November 16, 2018).

?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ????? (?????????) ?? 7 ????? 2018 ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? 19.4 ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? 1.5 ????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? (?? ??????? ?????) ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? 20 ?????? 2018? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? - ????? ???? ???? ??????? - ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????.

??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ??. ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? 4.3 ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? 30 ????? 2018. ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? 700 ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? (????? ??????) ?? 2 ????? 2018. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????.

??????? ????? ???? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? 44 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? (????? ??????) ?? 8 ?????? 2018. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (?????? ???????) ?? 8 ????? 2018. ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? 14 ?????? 2018? ???? ????? (?? ???) ????? ?????? "?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????" ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????.

???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? 26 ????? 2018? ???? ?? 53 ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? "???? ???? ????? ????????". ????? (???????) ?? 26 ????? 2018 ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? 55 ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? "?????" ?????? ???? ??? 68 ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? "????? ????".

3- ??????? ????? ???? ?????

?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????.

???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? 13.4 ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? 42 ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? 2017. ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? 25.7 ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? (www.usatoday.com, October 10, 2018 and November 19, 2018).

??? ??? ???? ?? ??? 2018? ??? ????? ??. ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ????? ???????? ??? 18.5 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????.

??? ??? 2016? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? 38.6 ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???25 ???? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????????. "?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????". (www.washingtonpost.com, June 25, 2018).

????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????. ??? 17 ????? ??? 2018? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? (??.??.??? ?????) ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? 43 ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? 40 ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? (www.usatoday.com, July 17, 2018 and October 1, 2018).

?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 2018? ??? ????? ??. ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? 44 ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? (www.washingtonpost.com June 25, 2018). ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? (?????)? ????? ???? ?? ?????? 2018? ?? 46 ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? (news.gallup.com, December 10, 2018). ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 19 ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? 65 ????? ??????? 4.7 ????? ????? (abcnews.go.com, December 17, 2018).

??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? (www.usatoday.com, October 1, 2018). ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? 2018? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? 134278 ?? 2017? ?????? 16136 ???? ?????? ?? ??? 2016 (www.auditor.ca.gov). ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? (www.usatoday.com, August 14, 2018).

????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? 70 ??? ???? ???? ??? 2017. ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???10 ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? 1999? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? 33 ??????. ??? 2017? ??? ???? ?? 47 ??? ?????? ???? ?????? (nytimes.com, August 15, 2018)

4- ??????? ??????? ????????

?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????.

????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ???93 ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? (UN documents A/73/18, A/73/312, A/73/305)

????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? 12 ?????? ??? 2018? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ???????. ???? ??? 2010 ???? 23 ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? 17 ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? (???????? ??????? ???????). ??? 28 ?????? 2018 ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? "????? ???" ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 70 ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ??? 11 ????? 2018? ???? (?? ??????????) ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????. "???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???20? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????".

?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ???? (??.??.??) ?? 12 ?????? 2018? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? 26 ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? "??? ???? ???"? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????.

??? ???? ??? ????? ??? 22 ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? "??.??" ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? 21 ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. "??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????"? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? (www.usatoday.com, December 4, 2018).

???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????. ?? 12 ????? 2018? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? "?? ?????? ??? ??? ???"? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? "???? ??????? ??????" (www.usatoday.com, April 15, 2018; abcnews.go.com, April 19, 2018). ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? (?????????) (www.theguardian.com, May 28, 2018).

???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????: ??? ????? ??? 2017? ????? 15 ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (?? ??????? ?????) ??? 7 ????? 2018. ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? 14 ?????? ??? 2018? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? 1976? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? 290 ????. ?????????? ??? 20 ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???. (deathpenaltyinfo.org, December 14, 2018). ????? ?????? ????? ????? (?????? ????) ??? 29 ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? 63 ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? 47 ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???.

????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? 17 ?????? ?? 2017? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? 2001. ???? ??? 60 ?????? ?? 7175 ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? (??? ??????? ?????) ?? 13 ?????? 2018. ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? "??????" ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? 66 ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? 2017? ???? ??? ???? (?? ??????? ?????) ?? 20 ?????? 2018.

?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? 46 ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? 20 ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? 11 ???? ?????? 6 ?????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. (edition.cnn.com, November 27, 2018 and www.usatoday.com, October 29, 2018). ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? 21 ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? (??.??.??) ??? 12 ??????. ????? ???? 938 ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 2017? ?????? 37 ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? (www.latimes.com, November 13, 2018).

????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? 26 ?????? 2018? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? 10 ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? 2.5 ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? (www.epi.org, February 26, 2018). ????? ?????????? ???????? 13 ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? 40 ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? (??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????) ( endhomelessness.org, June 6. 2018).

??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???10 ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? (???????? ????) ??? 5 ?????? 2018. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? 2.3 ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? 3.5 ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? 26 ?????? 2018.

????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? 1.5 ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? "????? ??? ???????" ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? (??? ??????? ?????) ??? 27 ???? 2018.

5- ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????

??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????.

???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? (?? ?? ??) ?? 12 ?????? ?? 2018? ???? ????? 2018 ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? 1970? ??? ????? ????? 2018 ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????.

??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? 94 ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? 2018? ?? ???? ?? ???? 163 ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 1986 ????? ????? 97 ??????.

??? 14 ?????? 2018? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 19 ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? 17 ????? ???? 14 ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (www.usatoday.com, 14 February , 2018)

????? ????? ????? (???) ??????? ????????? ??? ?? 18 ????? ?? ????? 2018? ??? 57 ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? 63 ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????.

?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? 113 ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? 2017-2018. ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 160 ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? 27 ????? ???????? ??? ??? 40 ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? 27 ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? (www.usatoday.com, August 14 and September 24, 2018). ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? 10 ?????? ?? ????? 2018 ??? ???? ???? ?? 600 ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???.

?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? (www.usatoday.com, July 26, 2018). ????? ????? "????? ???????" ?? 6 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? 88 ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????.

????? ????? ????? ????? "?????????" ?? 18 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????. ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? " ?????? ??????" ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????.

???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ????? ????? ????? (?? ?? ??) ?? 15 ????? ?? ????? 2018? ????? ???? ?? 300 ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????.

????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? 690 ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? (www.chicagotribune.com, December 19, 2018). ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? (????-????????) ?? 9 ?????? 2018? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? 40 ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????.

????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? "?????? ???????" ?? 13 ????? ?? ????? 2018? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????.

??? 28 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ???? ????? "????? ??????" ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? 2001 ?2005? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? 80 ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? 13 ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????.

?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? 13 ????? ??? (??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????) ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? 20.2 ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ( October 1 and October 10 , 2018 www.usatoday.com).

6- ??????? ?????? ??????

????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? 21 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? 81 ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? 77 ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 51 ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? 27 ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? (www.npr.org, February 21, 2018).

??? ???? "??? ?? ?????" ?? 14 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? "???????" ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? 1.75 ????? ????? ??????.

??? ???? ????? ?????? "?? ?? ??? ?????" ?? 26 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 94 ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? "?????" ?? ????? ???? ?? 12 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? 18.3 ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? 36 ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? 2011 (news.gallup.com, November 12, 2018).

?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????.

????? ????? ????? ????? "???????? ????" ?? 14 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ??? 5712 ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? 2016 ????. ??? ???? ????? "??? ?????? ?????" ?? 8 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? 2006 ???? 2014.

???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? 19.5 ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? 80.5 ?????? ??? ????? ?????? (www.businessinsider.com, August 27, 2018).

?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? (www.huffingtonpost.com, November 28, 2018; www.nationalpartnership.org, April and September, 2018).

??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? "??? ????????? ????????" ?? 21 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ??? 70 ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? (www.pewsocialtrends.org, January 9 and September 20, 2018).

?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ??? ??? ???? "?????" ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? 10 ????? 2018 ???? ??? ?? 46 ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? 30 ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 2008? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????.

??? ???? ????? "??????? ?????" ?? 20 ????? ?? ????? 2018 ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? 2018 ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????.

7 ??????? ???? ?????????

????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????.

?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ??? ???? "????????" ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? 12 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? 2017 ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? "?????? ????? ??????". ??? ???? ????? "?????? ????" ?? 26 ?????? ?? ????? 2018 ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? - ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????.

??? 28 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? :"?? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????"

?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ????? "??????? ?????" ??????? ?? 12 ???? ?? ????? 2018? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? "??? ??????? ??????" ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ????? "?????????" ?? ????? ?????? ?? 16 ????? ?? ????? 2018 ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? 1995 ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 19 ????? ?31 ???? ?? ????? 2018? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????.

??? ????? ????? ???? "?????????" ?????????? ?????? ?? 23 ????? ?? ????? 2018 ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????:" ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????-??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????.

?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ????? "??????????" ?? 23 ???? ?? ????? 2018? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? 116 ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 5 ????? ??? 17 ???.

??? ???? "????? ???????" ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? 20 ????? ?? ????? 2018 ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.

?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? 30 ????? ?? ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? (immigrationimpact.com, August 30, 2018).

??? ???? "??????? ?????" ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? 12 ?????? ?? ????? 2018 ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? 16 ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????.

??? ????? ????? "?? ?? ??" ?? 26 ?????? ?? ????? 2018? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? 8 ??????? ??? ??? ?? 48 ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????-????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????.

?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? 35/3? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (????? ????? ??????? A/73/206). ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? "?????????" ?????????? ?????? ?? 5 ????? ?? ????? 2018? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????:"?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? (?? ????????? ??? ????????) ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ????". ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????.

??? 22 ????? ?? ????? 2018? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? :" ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????".

8 ???????? ???? ???????

????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? (?????? ?????)? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? "???? ????? ?????????" ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????.

???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? "?????????"? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? 19 ????? 2018. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ?? "??????????" ?? 20 ????? ?? ????? 2018? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????.

????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? 31 ????? ?? ????? 2018 ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 200 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????(www.washingtonpost.com, August 31, 2018; edition.cnn.com, August 31, 2018).

??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? (www.aljazeera.com, February 1, 2018). ??? ???? ????? "??? ????? ?????" ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? 26 ????? ?? ????? 2018 ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 14 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????.

???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? "?? ?? ??" ?? 14 ????? ?? ????? 2018? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ????? "?????????" ????? ??????? ?? 28 ?????? ?? ????? 2018 ???? ??? ?? 30 ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ? 16 ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 2018 ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? 2009 ??? ?????. (www.theguardian.com, November 28, 2018; www.latimes.com, November 30, 2018).

????? ????? ????? "??????????" ??????? ?? 14 ?????? ?? ????? 2018 ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? 16 ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ?? 30 ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? 2018. ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? 176 ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? 2017 ? 2018? ?? ???? ????? 205 ????. ????? ???? "?? ?? ??" ??????? ?? 16 ?????? ?? ????? 2018 ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? 22 ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 85 ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? :" ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????" ?????? :" ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????".